參考文獻

指引、研究文獻與官方資料（350 筆）

已依 PubMed 紀錄、全文或官方網站核對過書目資訊。

1. ABDELMESSIH_2022Abdelmessih E, Patel N, Vekaria J, et al. Vancomycin area under the curve versus trough only guided dosing and the risk of acute kidney injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy 2022;42(9):741-753. PMID 35869689. doi:10.1002/phar.2722 (abstract read 2026-10-10: 10 studies, n=4231; AUC-guided vs trough-guided AKI OR 0.625 (95% CI 0.469-0.834); GRADE low; mostly observational, possible confounding)
2. ABDULAZIZ_PI_MA_2024Abdul-Aziz MH et al. JAMA 2024;332:638-648. PMID 38864162 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
3. ABOUELHASSAN_SUL_ELF_2024Abouelhassan Y, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP, Abdelraouf K. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024;6:dlae203. PMID 39712636 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
4. ACG_CDI_2021Kelly CR et al. ACG Clinical Guidelines: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infections. Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116(6):1124-1147. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001278. PMID 34003176 (supporting only; PPI text not read in full). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
5. ACOG_CO717_2017ACOG Committee Opinion No. 717: Sulfonamides, Nitrofurantoin, and Risk of Birth Defects. Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:e150-e152. PMID 28832488 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
6. ACORN_2023Qian ET et al. JAMA 2023;330:1557-1567. PMID 37837651 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
7. ACP_CDC_ARTI_2016Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A. Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the ACP and the CDC. Ann Intern Med 2016;164(6):425-434. doi:10.7326/M15-1840. PMID 26785402 (High-Value Care Advice, not GRADE-graded; player text does not call it a strong recommendation). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
8. ADRENAL_2018Venkatesh B et al. Adjunctive Glucocorticoid Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock (ADRENAL). N Engl J Med 2018;378(9):797-808. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705835. PMID 29347874 (90-day mortality 27.9% vs 28.8%, OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.82-1.10, not statistically significant; faster shock resolution). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
9. AGA_CDI_2026Fischer M, Vaughn BP, Peery AF, Kelly CR. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Adults: Expert Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2026;24(9):2359-2369. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2026.05.007. PMID 42383946 (Best Practice Advice 4 and 13; expert review without formal evidence grading). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
10. AHA_HF_2022Heidenreich PA et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. Circulation 2022;145(18):e895-e1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. PMID 35363499 (read in the simultaneous JACC publication: in HFrEF, NSAIDs worsen HF symptoms and should be avoided or withdrawn whenever possible, 3: Harm, B-NR; scope is HFrEF). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
11. AHA_IE_2026DeSimone DC, Marks L, Dayer MJ, et al. Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis, Antibiotic Therapy, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2026;154:e00-e00. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001466 (full-text PDF research/sources/AHA_2026_IE.pdf read 2026-10-11: Tables 1, 3, 4; Controversial Topics e15-e16)
12. AILES_2016Ailes EC et al. Association between antibiotic use among pregnant women with urinary tract infections in the first trimester and birth defects, NBDPS 1997-2011. Birth Defects Res A 2016;106:940-9. doi:10.1002/bdra.23570. PMID 27891788 (vs penicillin among women with UTI: nitrofurantoin oral clefts AOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.10-3.53; TMP-SMX esophageal atresia AOR 5.31, 95% CI 1.39-20.24)
13. ALVAREZ_ARANGO_2021Alvarez-Arango S et al. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1283-1286. PMID 33830710, PMC9235042 (full text read 2026-10-10: 'infusion reaction' for non-immune, rate-dependent reaction; slower rate / antihistamine premedication; readministration reasonably safe)
14. ANAEROBE_TW_2014Wang FD et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;33:2041-52. PMID 24930042 (northern Taiwan anaerobes 2008-2012: Bacteroides 20-30% resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam; blood isolates amox-clav 16.2%, amp-sulb 15.6%; B. fragilis ertapenem-resistant 13.5%; metronidazole excellent) — abstract
15. APPA_2017Appa AA, Jain R, Rakita RM, Hakimian S, Pottinger PS. Characterizing Cefepime Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017;4(4):ofx170. PMID 29071284. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx170 (abstract read 2026-10-10: 198 cases, 87% renal dysfunction; diminished consciousness 80%, myoclonus 40%, NCSE 31%; single-centre incidence estimate 1 in 480 cefepime courses)
16. APROCCHSS_2018Annane D et al. Hydrocortisone plus Fludrocortisone for Adults with Septic Shock (APROCCHSS). N Engl J Med 2018;378(9):809-818. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705716. PMID 29490185 (90-day mortality 43.0% vs 49.1%, RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-0.99; 28-day mortality P = 0.06, not statistically significant). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
17. ATS_CAP_2025Jones BE et al. Diagnosis and Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia: An Official ATS Clinical Practice Guideline (2025 update). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2026;212:24-44. PMID 40679934. doi:10.1164/rccm.202507-1692ST (full-text PDF read 2026-10-10: Q3 pp.34-36 and Table 1 p.27 - outpatients and nonsevere inpatients who reach clinical stability: <5 d, minimum 3 d, conditional, low-quality evidence; severe CAP: >=5 d, strong, low-quality evidence; suspected Legionella or other intracellular organisms listed as a factor that weakens the short-course recommendation; not for immunocompromised hosts (p.28); addresses 4 questions only, no dosing update; approved by ATS, not by IDSA)
18. ATS_CDC_IDSA_TB_DX_2017Lewinsohn DM et al. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64(2):111-115. PMID 28052967, PMC5504475 (executive summary read 2026-10-11)
19. ATS_IDSA_CAP_2019Metlay JP et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia (ATS/IDSA). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;200:e45-e67. PMID 31573350 (full-text PDF read 2026-10-11, research/sources/ATS_IDSA_2019_CAP.pdf: Q1-Q16 pp. e47-e60; Table 3 p. e50, Table 4 p. e51; Rec 9.1/9.2 pp. e54-e56; Q11 p. e56; Q12 p. e58; Q15 pp. e59-e60. Q12 corticosteroids and Q15 duration partly updated by ATS 2025 (ATS_CAP_2025, ATS-only approval); empiric regimens Q8-Q11 remain current)
20. BAI_LZD_SS_2022Bai AD et al. JAMA Netw Open 2022;5:e2247426. PMID 36534400 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
21. BANERJEE_2015Banerjee R, Teng CB, Cunningham SA, et al. Randomized Trial of Rapid Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Blood Culture Identification and Susceptibility Testing. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61(7):1071-80. PMID 26197846. doi:10.1093/cid/civ447 (abstract read 2026-10-10: RCT n=617 positive blood culture bottles; Gram stain to organism ID 1.3 h with rmPCR vs 22.3 h control; less pip-tazo, more narrow beta-lactam, fewer contaminants treated; de-escalation fastest with rmPCR + stewardship audit (21 vs 34 h); mortality, LOS and cost did not differ significantly)
22. BCDSP_AMP_ALLO_1972Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. N Engl J Med 1972;286:505-507. PMID 4258181 (citation matched; no abstract available)
23. BEERS_20232023 AGS Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023;71:2052-2081. PMID 37139824 (PMC12478568; Table 2 and Table 6 nitrofurantoin rows read 2026-10-10)
24. BIDELL_CFZ_ASP_2018Bidell MR, Patel N, O'Donnell JN. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018;73:2643-2651. PMID 30085140 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
25. BINDELLINI_CFZ_2025Bindellini D et al. Br J Anaesth 2025;134:1041-1049. PMID 39894750 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
26. BINKLEY_2006Binkley S et al. Comparison of unit-specific and hospital-wide antibiograms: potential implications for selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27(7):682-687. doi:10.1086/505921. PMID 16807842. PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
27. BLING3_2024Dulhunty JM et al. JAMA 2024;332:629-637. PMID 38864155 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
28. BLUM_AMP_RENAL_1989Blum RA et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:1470-1476. PMID 2817847 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
29. BOLORMAA_MRMP_2025Bolormaa E et al. Treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a meta-analysis of macrolides versus tetracyclines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2025;44:200-206. PMID 39383346 (abstract read; paediatric, East Asian studies)
30. BORGERT_PROSTATITIS_2025Borgert BJ et al. Prostatitis: a review. JAMA 2025;334:1003-13. PMID 40788632 (abstract checked 2026-10-11)
31. BOSCHUNG_2020Boschung-Pasquier L, Atkinson A, Kastner LK, et al. Cefepime neurotoxicity: thresholds and risk factors. A retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26(3):333-339. PMID 31284030. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.028 (abstract read 2026-10-10: patients selected for cefepime TDM, n=319 with trough levels; neurotoxicity 23.2%; none below trough 7.7 mg/L)
32. BRINK_ERTA_ICU_2009Brink AJ et al. Pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of ertapenem in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;33:432-6. PMID 19091521
33. BROUWER_2023Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Adjunctive dexamethasone treatment in adults with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: a prospective nationwide cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2023;58:101922. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101922. PMID 37007737 (observational; associated with better outcome). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
34. BROWN_2013Brown KA, Khanafer N, Daneman N, Fisman DN. Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57(5):2326-2332. doi:10.1128/AAC.02176-12. PMID 23478961 (observational). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
35. BUTLER_LAPORTE_PJP_2020Butler-Laporte G et al. Low-dose TMP-SMX in the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020;7(5):ofaa112. PMID 32391402 (abstract checked)
36. CAMERA2_2020Tong SYC et al. JAMA 2020;323(6):527-537. PMID 32044943, PMC7042887 (abstract read 2026-10-10: composite 35% vs 39%, diff -4.2% [95% CI -14.3 to 6.0]; AKI 23% vs 6%; stopped early for safety)
37. CAMPANY_TIGE_FIB_2020Campany-Herrero D et al. Int J Clin Pharm 2020;42:1184-1189. PMID 32504166 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
38. CANNON_CARB_SEIZURE_2014Cannon JP et al. The risk of seizures among the carbapenems: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:2043-55. PMID 24744302 (RCT meta-analysis: seizure OR vs non-carbapenems imipenem 3.50 [2.23-5.49], meropenem 1.04 [0.61-1.77], ertapenem 1.32 [0.22-7.74]; imipenem vs meropenem head-to-head NS; absolute risk low)
39. CAPE_COD_2023Dequin PF et al. Hydrocortisone in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAPE COD). N Engl J Med 2023;388(21):1931-1941. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2215145. PMID 36942789; NCT02517489 (28-day death 6.2% vs 11.9%, absolute difference -5.6 percentage points, 95% CI -9.6 to -1.7; stopped early at 2nd interim analysis, 800 randomised / 795 analysed; excluded septic shock on vasopressors at entry and influenza; drug started within 24 h of the first severity criterion; higher insulin dose in the hydrocortisone arm). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
40. CASBM_TW_2023Lien CY et al. BMC Infect Dis 2023;23:859. PMID 38057727 (Kaohsiung Chang Gung, 127 adult community-acquired spontaneous bacterial meningitis 2000-2022: K. pneumoniae 50, S. aureus 11, S. pneumoniae 11, Listeria 8; all K. pneumoniae ceftriaxone-susceptible; K. pneumoniae cases fell after 2010) — full text Table 2
41. CDC_BE_AWARECDC. Healthy Habits: Antibiotic Do's and Don'ts (do not share antibiotics, do not save them for later, do not take antibiotics prescribed for someone else; take them exactly as prescribed). https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/about/index.html (page dated 2025-09-23)
42. CDC_COLDCDC. Manage Common Cold (rest, fluids, over-the-counter symptom relief; see a clinician for symptoms > 10 days, fever > 4 days, trouble breathing, or worsening after improvement). https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/treatment/index.html (page dated 2026-03-11)
43. CDC_GC_2020St Cyr S et al. Update to CDC's Treatment Guidelines for Gonococcal Infection, 2020. MMWR 2020;69:1911-1916. PMID 33332296, PMC7745960 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
44. CDC_HH_HCPCDC. Clinical Safety: Hand Hygiene for Healthcare Workers (alcohol-based hand rub when hands are not visibly soiled; soap and water when visibly soiled, and preferred for C. difficile, especially in outbreaks). https://www.cdc.gov/clean-hands/hcp/clinical-safety/index.html (page dated 2024-02-27)
45. CDC_STI_2021Workowski KA et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021;70(4):1-187. PMID 34292926, PMC8344968 (Chlamydial Infections section full text read 2026-10-10)
46. CERAN_CRO_BPL_2005Ceran C et al. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;25:256-259. PMID 15737522 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
47. CHALMERS_HCAP_2014Chalmers JD et al. Healthcare-associated pneumonia does not accurately identify potentially resistant pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:330-9. PMID 24270053 (24 studies, n=22456; AUC 0.70 (95% CI 0.69-0.71), prospective studies 0.64; adjusted mortality OR 1.20 (95% CI 0.85-1.70), NS)
48. CHEN_FQ_TB_2011Chen TC, Lu PL, Lin CY, Lin WR, Chen YH. Fluoroquinolones are associated with delayed treatment and resistance in tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2011;15(3):e211-6. PMID 21195001 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
49. CHEN_KP_BSI_TW_2020Chen CL et al. J Infect Dev Ctries 2020;14(4):373-379. PMID 32379714 (K. pneumoniae bacteremia northern Taiwan 2014/2016; gentamicin susceptibility decreased, amikacin >95%)
50. CHEN_MSSA_TW_2015Chen PY et al. Impact of prior healthcare-associated exposure on clinical and molecular characterization of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e474. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000474. PMID 25654386 (NTUH 2002-2011, 290 MSSA bacteremia; definitive beta-lactams other than oxacillin and cefazolin independently associated with in-hospital mortality, OR 9.27, 95% CI 4.25-20.23)
51. CHEN_SCRUB_TW_2022Chen HF et al. Molecular epidemiology of scrub typhus in Taiwan during 2006-2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022;16:e0010369. PMID 35486655 (Taiwan CDC; abstract read)
52. CHEN_VV_2012Chen SC et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67(2):488-493. PMID 22117030 (abstract: n=89 V. vulnificus necrotizing soft-tissue infection with surgery within 24 h; 3GC alone fatality 61% vs 3GC + minocycline 14% (P=0.0003) and FQ with or without minocycline 14% (P=0.0027); retrospective, not adjusted; registered from staging/postmvp 2026-10-11)
53. CHIU_COUTI_TW_2017Chiu CC et al. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2017;50(6):879-885. PMID 28087318 (abstract read 2026-10-10; Tri-Service General Hospital, 457 hospitalized community-onset UTI 2014-2015; gentamicin 76.1%, amikacin 97.5% overall susceptibility)
54. CHIU_CRKP_TW_2018Chiu SK et al. Sci Rep 2018;8:8468. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26691-z. PMID 29855588 (Taiwan multicenter 2012-2015: 457/1,457 CnSKP carbapenemase producers; single-carbapenemase 451: KPC 347, MBL 64 [IMP-8 26, VIM-1 36, NDM-1 2], OXA-48 40)
55. CHOVEL_SELLA_EBV_2013Chovel-Sella A et al. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1424-e1427. PMID 23589810 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
56. CHOVEL_SELLA_IM_2013Chovel-Sella A et al. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1424-7. PMID 23589810 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
57. CHOW1991Chow JW et al. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:585-590. PMID 1892329
58. CHUANG_DAPTO_2022Chuang YC et al. Influence of daptomycin doses on the outcomes of VRE bloodstream infection treated with high-dose daptomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022;77:2278-87. PMID 35639586 (Taiwan multicentre prospective observational, n=661: higher dose aOR 0.85 (95% CI 0.73-0.99) for 28-day mortality; >=11 mg/kg lower mortality only when MIC >=2 (49.4% vs 33.3%); CK >2000 U/L 3.9% vs 1.1%)
59. CHUNG_ORIENTIA_ANTAGONISM_2026Chung MH, Kang JS, Lee JS. Antibiotic Antagonism in Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection: A Narrative Review. Infect Chemother 2026;58(1):8-18. PMID 41943245, PMC13053902 (full text read 2026-10-11)
60. CIMINO_HD_2021Cimino C, Burnett Y, Vyas N, Norris AH. Drugs 2021;81:555-574. PMID 33591549 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
61. CIRCI_2017Annane D et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) in Critically Ill Patients (Part I): SCCM and ESICM 2017. Crit Care Med 2017;45(12):2078-2088. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002737. PMID 28938253 (suggests against corticosteroids in adults with sepsis without shock, conditional, moderate quality). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
62. CLARKE_AMP_PK_1974Clarke JT et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974;6:729-733. PMID 4455125 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
63. CLARK_VANC_1998Clark NC, Teixeira LM, Facklam RR, Tenover FC. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2294-2297. PMID 9666008 (abstract read 2026-10-10: VanC phenotype in E. gallinarum / casseliflavus / flavescens = intrinsic low-level vancomycin resistance)
64. CLSI_M39CLSI M39 Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data, 5th ed. 2022. https://clsi.org/shop/standards/m39/ (paywalled standard, not read; supported by SIMNER_2022: first isolate per patient per period per species, species with >= 30 isolates only, analysed at least annually)
65. COCHRANE_MENING_2015Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, Prasad K, van de Beek D. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(9):CD004405. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub5. PMID 26362566 (25 RCTs; overall mortality RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.80-1.01, not statistically significant; S. pneumoniae mortality RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72-0.98; less hearing loss; benefit seen in high-income countries). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
66. COCHRANE_NSAID_UTI_2024Sachdeva A, Rai BP, Veeratterapillay R, Harding C, Nambiar A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating symptomatic uncomplicated urinary tract infections in non-pregnant adult women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024;12:CD014762. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014762.pub2. PMID 39698942 (NSAID vs antibiotic: bacteriological cure at day 10 lower, RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.85). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
67. COCHRANE_VAP_2016Arthur LE, Kizor RS, Selim AG, van Driel ML, Seoane L. Antibiotics for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;10:CD004267. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004267.pub4. PMID 27763732 (design note for q_abg_vap only; not in player text). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
68. CONTE_LZD_ELF_2002Conte JE Jr et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1475-1480. PMID 11959585 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
69. COSTELLOE_2010Costelloe C, Metcalfe C, Lovering A, Mant D, Hay AD. Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010;340:c2096. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2096. PMID 20483949 (observational; urinary bacteria within 2 months OR 2.5). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
70. CPIC_MTRNR1_2022McDermott JH et al. CPIC Guideline for the Use of Aminoglycosides Based on MT-RNR1 Genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022;111(2):366-372. PMID 34032273
71. CRAIG_PKPD_ENT_1998Craig WA. Ear Nose Throat J 1998;77(6 Suppl):7-11. PMID 9674328 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
72. CRIDER_2009Crider KS et al. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163:978-85. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.188. PMID 19884587 (case-control; sulfonamides and nitrofurantoins associated with several birth defects, e.g. nitrofurantoin HLHS AOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.9-9.1)
73. CUNHA_DOXY_1982Cunha BA, Sibley CM, Ristuccia AM. Doxycycline. Ther Drug Monit 1982;4:115-35. PMID 7048645 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
74. CUZZOLIN_CRO_BPL_2021Cuzzolin L et al. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021;35:40-52. PMID 32492204 (systematic review, abstract read 2026-10-10)
75. CZA_CSF_WANG_2026Wang MH, Li NY, Chen W, et al. Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Intrathecal/Intraventricular Polymyxin B Sulfate in the Treatment of CNS Infections Caused by KPC-Kp in Neurosurgical Patients: A Single-Center Prospective Observational Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2026;15(5):492. PMID 42192714 (abstract read 2026-10-11: n=15 IV CZA vs 10 IT/IVT polymyxin B; steady-state CSF ceftazidime and avibactam above PD targets; clinical cure 86.7% vs 40.0%; small non-randomised, hypothesis-generating)
76. CZA_CSF_WOLFL_2025Wolfl-Duchek M, van Os W, Al Jalali V, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of ceftaroline and ceftazidime/avibactam in healthy volunteers: Pharmacokinetics and probability of target attainment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2025;66(2):107512. PMID 40239748 (abstract read 2026-10-11: healthy volunteers, 2/0.5 g q8h; CSF/plasma distribution clearance ratio ceftazidime 0.083, avibactam 0.071; limited penetration through uninflamed meninges)
77. CZA_CSF_YASMIN_2023Yasmin M, Nutman A, Wang L, et al. Utilizing Ceftazidime/Avibactam Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Treatment of Neurosurgical Meningitis Caused by Difficult-to-Treat Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and KPC-Producing Enterobacterales. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023;10(11):ofad507. PMID 38023540 (abstract read 2026-10-11: 3 HAVM patients, CZA 2.5 g q8h; CSF ceftazidime 15.0-29.0 ug/mL, avibactam 0.92-4.20 ug/mL, >=1 ug/mL in 11/12 samples; clinical and microbiologic cure in all 3)
78. DALI_2014Roberts JA et al. DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:1072-83. PMID 24429437 (beta-lactam PK/PD targets 50% and 100% fT>MIC; not achieving 50% fT>MIC associated with lower odds of positive clinical outcome, OR 0.68)
79. DANES_ERTA_NEURO_2021Danés I et al. A case series of confusional states and other neurotoxic effects caused by ertapenem. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021;87:2140-5. PMID 33010054
80. DEGANS_2002de Gans J, van de Beek D. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2002;347(20):1549-1556. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021334. PMID 12432041 (n = 301; dexamethasone 10 mg q6h x 4 d, first dose 15-20 min before or with antibiotics; unfavourable outcome 15% vs 25%, RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37-0.94; death 7% vs 15%, RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.96; benefit mainly in S. pneumoniae). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
81. DELEMOS_AC_DILI_2016deLemos AS et al. Dig Dis Sci 2016;61:2406-2416. PMID 27003146 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
82. DEVRIESE_LZD_MITO_2006De Vriese AS et al. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1111-1117. PMID 16575728 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
83. DIBEK_EBV_2018Dibek Misirlioglu E et al. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018;176:33-38. PMID 29617685 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
84. DIMELOW_CZA_ELF_2018Dimelow R et al. Drugs R D 2018;18:221-30. PMID 30054895 (ELF:plasma ceftazidime 52%, avibactam 42%)
85. DIRICKS_HFLU_PBP3_2024Diricks M et al. Genome Med 2024;16:140. PMID 39633433 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
86. DWYER_2014Dwyer JP, Jayasekera C, Nicoll A. Analgesia for the cirrhotic patient: a literature review and recommendations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29(7):1356-1360. doi:10.1111/jgh.12560. PMID 24548074 (narrative review). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
87. ELNEKIDY_ERTA_HD_2021El Nekidy WS et al. Ertapenem neurotoxicity in hemodialysis patients. Ann Pharmacother 2021;55:52-58. PMID 32618479
88. ERICSSON_BISMUTH_1982Ericsson CD et al. Influence of subsalicylate bismuth on absorption of doxycycline. JAMA 1982;247:2266-7. PMID 7040708 (abstract read)
89. ESCMID_BRAIN_ABSCESS_2024Bodilsen J et al. ESCMID guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain abscess in children and adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024;30(1):66-89. PMID 37648062. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2023.08.016 (abstract read 2026-10-10; corrigendum PMID 38309325 record checked 2026-10-11, content not shown in record)
90. ESCMID_MDRGNB_2014Tacconelli E et al. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20 Suppl 1:1-55. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12427. PMID 24329732. PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
91. ESCMID_MENING_2016van de Beek D et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22 Suppl 3:S37-62. PMID 27062097 (dexamethasone 10 mg q6h x 4 days, started with or before the first antibiotic dose)
92. ESC_IE_2023Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J 2023;44(39):3948-4042. PMID 37622656 (full-text PDF research/sources/ESC_2023_IE.pdf read 2026-10-11: Section 7.1 p.3976; Section 7.7 and Recommendation Table 8 p.3979-3981; Section 7.8 and Recommendation Table 9 p.3982-3983; Recommendation Table 5 p.3969; Recommendation Table 11 p.3987)
93. EUCAST_BP_2026EUCAST. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters, version 16.1, valid from 2026-06-24. https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/eucast/pdf/breakpoints/v_16.1_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf. Acinetobacter spp. p.33: colistin breakpoint shown in brackets "(2)" with Notes 11-12 (bracketed breakpoint = wild-type / ECOFF-based, for use in combination only, not as monotherapy support); also p.22 nitrofurantoin "uncomplicated UTI only" and p.52 S. pneumoniae ceftriaxone (meningitis vs other). Read 2026-10-11 by subagent (staging/fetch_substitutes/REPORT.md)
94. EUCAST_ERP_2023EUCAST Expected Resistant Phenotypes v1.2, January 2023 (PDF read 2026-10-10: Table 1 Enterobacterales; Table 2 non-fermenters incl. rule 2.7 P. aeruginosa)
95. FANG_CABM_2000Fang CT et al. Microbiologic features of adult community-acquired bacterial meningitis in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2000;99:300-4. PMID 10870313 (NTUH 1993-1998, 36 identified: K. pneumoniae 33%, S. pneumoniae 28%; all K. pneumoniae cefotaxime-susceptible; 25% of S. pneumoniae penicillin non-susceptible)
96. FANG_TIGE_PANC_2020Fang W et al. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020;45:1320-1324. PMID 32649800 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
97. FDA_AMOXIL_LABELAMOXIL tablet US label §2.4, DailyMed setid 3388e873-132a-346b-e054-00144ff88e88, updated 2020-01-17 (read 2026-10-10)
98. FDA_APAPFDA Acetaminophen Information (adults and children 12 years and older: do not exceed 4,000 mg in 24 hours; ask a health care professional before use with liver disease; risk of liver damage with 3 or more alcoholic drinks a day). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/acetaminophen-information (content current as of 2025-08-14)
99. FDA_AUGMENTIN_LABELAUGMENTIN US label, DailyMed setid 174cc098-fe49-4f1a-87e2-601c7573f0db, revised 9/2016 (D&A §2.1, §2.3, §4.2, §6.2 re-read 2026-10-11)
100. FDA_AVYCAZ_2024AVYCAZ (ceftazidime and avibactam) US prescribing information (AbbVie), revised 4/2025; DailyMed setid d9c2803f-dc9c-4b19-b4a3-8303bc8c15fd, effective 2025-04-30 (SPL text checked 2026-10-11, staging/fetch_substitutes/REPORT.md; replaces the earlier 2024 web-search summary). §2.3 adult renal table: CrCl 31-50 1.25 g q8h; 16-30 0.94 g q12h; 6-15 0.94 g q24h; <=5 0.94 g q48h; on hemodialysis days give the dose after dialysis. Meningitis is not a labelled indication. Same label as FDA_AVYCAZ_LABEL
101. FDA_AVYCAZ_LABELAVYCAZ (ceftazidime and avibactam) US prescribing information, AbbVie, revised 4/2025; DailyMed setid d9c2803f-dc9c-4b19-b4a3-8303bc8c15fd (read 2026-10-10). §1.1 cIAI with metronidazole; §2.1 2.5 g q8h over 2 h; §2.3 renal table + daily CrCl monitoring; §5.1 decreased response CrCl 30-50; §5.4 CNS reactions; §7.1 probenecid/OAT; §12.3 renal excretion; §12.4 no MBL activity
102. FDA_BACTRIM_LABELBactrim DS/Bactrim US prescribing information, Rev. 08 Dec 2024, DailyMed setid f59d0c04-9c66-4d53-a0e1-cb55570deb62 (renal table, PJP treatment/prophylaxis, UTI dose, warfarin interaction read 2026-10-11)
103. FDA_CEFEPIME_2026Cefepime Injection (Baxter, Galaxy) US prescribing information, revised 06/2026, Reference ID 5822651 (accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2026/050817s015lbl.pdf), section 2.3 and Table 2 read verbatim 2026-10-11 (PyMuPDF): 'the recommended initial dose ... should be the same as in patients with CrCL greater than 60 mL/min except in patients undergoing hemodialysis'; 2 g every 8 hours column: CrCl 30-60 -> 2 g q12h, 11-29 -> 2 g q24h, <11 -> 1 g q24h
104. FDA_CEFEPIME_LABELCefepime for Injection USP prescribing information (Sagent), revised 03/2025, DailyMed setid de477f37-40f6-4295-ae72-a2ee36a8922e (§1, §2 Table 2, §5.2, §12.4; read 2026-10-10)
105. FDA_CEFTRIAXONE_LABELCeftriaxone for Injection USP (Fresenius Kabi) US prescribing information, DailyMed setid 7ea1db43-40fa-417b-8911-ae98092070a0, revised 11/2021 (Clinical Pharmacology, Contraindications, Warnings, Precautions, Dosage read 2026-10-10); re-read 2026-10-11 cite-check (protein binding 95%->85%, gallstone-mimic wording, renal/hepatic no adjustment)
106. FDA_COLISTIMETHATE_LABELColy-Mycin M (colistimethate for injection) US prescribing information, DailyMed setid 6d6e13e2-dc33-4b7b-84d0-66146a57c552, updated 2026-06 (read 2026-10-10) Warnings (respiratory arrest, apnea / neuromuscular blockade with renal impairment, circumoral paresthesia), Precautions drug interactions (curariform relaxants, succinylcholine, aminoglycosides); Indications: not indicated for Proteus or Neisseria (re-read 2026-10-11)
107. FDA_CUBICIN_LABELCUBICIN RF (daptomycin) US prescribing information, Merck, revised 3/2025, DailyMed setid 0b1a8885-2198-4a0e-8105-0c76c1cba6c2 (limitations of use, renal dosing, eosinophilic pneumonia, statin, mechanism read 2026-10-10)
108. FDA_DAPTO_2022CUBICIN (daptomycin) US prescribing information (Merck), revised 2/2022: CrCl <30 mL/min including hemodialysis / CAPD, same mg/kg dose every 48 hours; read 2026-10-11 via web search summary of the label, not verbatim. Meningitis is not a labelled indication. SPL cross-check 2026-10-11 (staging/fetch_substitutes/REPORT.md): DailyMed CUBICIN RF, setid 0b1a8885-2198-4a0e-8105-0c76c1cba6c2, consistent (CrCl <30 incl. HD / CAPD: same dose q48h; on HD days give after dialysis)
109. FDA_INVANZ_LABELINVANZ (ertapenem) US prescribing information, Merck Sharp & Dohme, revised 2/2026; DailyMed setid 33f3b99b-fa82-42e0-26bf-f49891ae3d22 (read 2026-10-10/11): §2.4-2.5 renal/HD dosing, §5.2 CNS, §5.3 valproate, §12.3 protein binding / t1/2, §12.4 microbiology
110. FDA_MEROPENEM_2025MERREM IV (meropenem) US prescribing information (Pfizer), revised 5/2025 (labeling.pfizer.com ShowLabeling id=9318), Table 1 adult renal impairment (dose dependent on type of infection: CrCl 26-50 recommended dose q12h; 10-25 one-half recommended dose q12h; <10 one-half q24h) and Table 2 pediatric meningitis 40 mg/kg up to 2 g q8h; read 2026-10-11 via WebFetch page extraction, not verbatim. Adult meningitis is not a labelled adult indication: applying the table to 2 g q8h is an extrapolation. SPL cross-check 2026-10-11 (staging/fetch_substitutes/REPORT.md): DailyMed generic meropenem for injection (Hikma), setid 8a2a545e-b336-416a-be73-9e0a7ccf6177, effective 2026-08-26, renal table consistent with the above (MERREM SPL itself not retrieved)
111. FDA_MEROPENEM_LABELMeropenem for injection US prescribing information (Sandoz), revised 8/2025; DailyMed setid 0d37e43b-ff8d-495d-b9af-4fd5fce53d56 (read 2026-10-10) §2 Table 1 renal, §5.4 seizures, §5.5 valproate, §12.4 microbiology
112. FDA_METRO_LABELUS FDA metronidazole labeling via DailyMed: Flagyl (setid a2883ca1-5a9a-4259-9d80-46ab67274384, Revised 07/2025) and metronidazole tablet (setid 2ae49bf4-a23b-bdcc-e063-6294a90a80a9, Rev 04/2026). Label text read directly 2026-10-11 (hepatic Child-Pugh C 50% reduction, AUC24 +114%; renal no change in single-dose PK; HD removes 40-65%; no clinically relevant activity vs facultative anaerobes/aerobes; warfarin potentiation, monitor PT/INR)
113. FDA_NITRO_LABELNitrofurantoin capsules (monohydrate/macrocrystals) US prescribing information, DailyMed setid 1a86deef-0887-43b1-bb96-dbc222b15931 (opened directly 2026-10-11): Contraindications CrCl <60 mL/min; pregnancy at term 38-42 wk / labor / neonates <1 month (hemolytic anemia); Warnings hemolysis linked to G6PD deficiency; Microbiology not active against most Proteus or Serratia
114. FDA_NSAID_PREG_2020FDA Drug Safety Communication 2020-10-15: FDA recommends avoiding use of NSAIDs in pregnancy at 20 weeks or later (limit 20-30 weeks, avoid after 30 weeks; low-dose 81 mg aspirin excepted). https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-drug-safety-communication-avoid-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20 (old URL returns 404)
115. FDA_PRIMAXIN_LABELPRIMAXIN (imipenem and cilastatin) for injection, US prescribing information, Merck Sharp & Dohme; DailyMed setid f41d8abd-7792-4918-1b93-bd83ea01955e (FPI "Revised: 5/2022"; DailyMed page updated 2024-07-05; re-read 2026-10-11 cite-check). Table 3 dosage by CrCl: 500 mg q6h -> 400/300/200 mg q6h; 1 g q8h -> 500 q6h / 500 q8h / 500 q12h; 1 g q6h (intermediate) -> 750 q8h / 500 q6h / 500 q12h for CrCl 60-89 / 30-59 / 15-29 (>=90 / 60-89 / 30-59 / 15-29); CrCl <15 not to receive unless hemodialysis within 48 h; CNS adverse reactions mostly in CNS disorders, dose to be re-examined; not indicated for meningitis; valproate not recommended; imipenem protein binding ~20%, plasma t1/2 ~1 h; cilastatin = renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor limiting renal metabolism of imipenem, ~70% imipenem recovered in urine within 10 h; inactive in vitro against E. faecium and S. maltophilia; MR staphylococci reported resistant
116. FDA_TYGACIL_LABELTYGACIL (tigecycline) US prescribing information, DailyMed setid 2ccdb48e-c14a-4eeb-348c-4920ccfd7465, revised 3/2025 (boxed warning, 1.4, 2.2, 5.1-5.6, 6.1, 7, 12.3 read 2026-10-10)
117. FDA_UNASYN_2025UNASYN (ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium) US prescribing information (Pfizer), LAB-0018-26.0 revised 11/2025 (labeling.pfizer.com ShowLabeling id=617), Impaired Renal Function: 'The dose of UNASYN in such patients should be administered less frequently in accordance with the usual practice for ampicillin'; Table 3 CrCl >=30 1.5-3 g q6-8h, 15-29 q12h, 5-14 q24h; read 2026-10-11 via WebFetch page extraction, not verbatim. SPL cross-check 2026-10-11 (staging/fetch_substitutes/REPORT.md): DailyMed UNASYN, setid 12eeb72a-403d-41be-bae4-4cb930862884, effective 2026-07-09, consistent
118. FDA_VANCOCIN_LABELVANCOCIN (vancomycin hydrochloride) capsules US prescribing information (ANI Pharmaceuticals), revised 10/2025; DailyMed setid a078d9c2-f89c-4f9f-8ded-60ffb2983c3f (read 2026-10-10)
119. FDA_ZITHROMAX_IV_LABELZITHROMAX for injection US label, DailyMed setid 3b631aa1-2d46-40bc-a614-d698301ea4f9, revised 7/2026 (§2.1, §12.3 read via web 2026-10-10)
120. FDA_ZITHROMAX_LABELZITHROMAX tablets / oral suspension US label, DailyMed setid db52b91e-79f7-4cc1-9564-f2eee8e31c45, revised 7/2026 (§2.1, §5.4, §12.3 read via web 2026-10-10)
121. FDA_ZOSYN_LABELZOSYN US prescribing information, revised 12/2022, DailyMed setid 8ab9d90d-2f7f-4599-a44f-3d0a8f8ab623 (§2.4 Table 1, §7.3/7.5/7.6, §12.4; read 2026-10-10, re-read 2026-10-11)
122. FDA_ZYVOX_LABELZYVOX (linezolid) US prescribing information, Pharmacia & Upjohn (Pfizer), revised 6/2026. DailyMed setid 6e70e63b-bfd5-478d-a8ee-8ba22c9efabd https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6e70e63b-bfd5-478d-a8ee-8ba22c9efabd (Sec 1.6, 2.1, 4.2, 5.1-5.4, 5.7, 12.3 read 2026-10-10)
123. FERNANDEZ_HIDALGO_2013Fernández-Hidalgo N et al. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:1261-1268. PMID 23392394 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
124. FISCHER_WARFARIN_2010Fischer HD et al. Hemorrhage during warfarin therapy associated with cotrimoxazole and other urinary tract anti-infective agents: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:617-21. PMID 20386005 (abstract checked)
125. FISH_CHOW_LEVO_1997Fish DN, Chow AT. The clinical pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997;32(2):101-19. PMID 9068926 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
126. FOULDS_CSF_1987Foulds G et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31:1703-1705. PMID 3435118 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
127. FOWLER_DAPTO_SAB_2006Fowler VG Jr et al. N Engl J Med 2006;355:653-665. PMID 16914701 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
128. FRASER_2025Fraser AJ et al. A 46-week outbreak of ertapenem-resistant, non-carbapenemase encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae ST45 in a paediatric cardiac unit involving shared equipment, UK, 2022-2023. Euro Surveill 2025;30(43):2500133. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.43.2500133. PMID 41170573 (full text: shared thermometers and weighing scales, not culture-confirmed, multiple measures at once; supports only 'possible route'). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
129. FREIFELD_FN_2010Freifeld AG et al. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:e56-e93. PMID 21258094 (abstract read; recommendation wording via OE 45833a76)
130. FREIRE_HAP_2010Freire AT et al. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;68:140-151. PMID 20846586 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
131. FUNG_MCAT_TW_1998Fung CP et al. J Formos Med Assoc 1998;97:453-457. PMID 9700241 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
132. G6PD_TW_1999Chiang SH et al. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1999;30 Suppl 2:72-4. PMID 11400791 (Taiwan neonatal screening 1987-1997: G6PD deficiency 2.1%; male 3.1%, female 0.9%)
133. GAGYOR_2015Gágyor I et al. Ibuprofen versus fosfomycin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2015;351:h6544. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6544. PMID 26698878 (PMC4688879; about two thirds of the ibuprofen group recovered without antibiotics; higher symptom burden; pyelonephritis 5 vs 1, not statistically significant). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
134. GAJDACS_PROTEAE_2019Gajdács M, Urbán E. Comparative Epidemiology and Resistance Trends of Proteae in UTI of Inpatients and Outpatients: A 10-Year Retrospective Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019;8(3):91. PMID 31373311 (PMC6783862, abstract + Introduction read)
135. GONZALES_2010Gonzales M et al. Faecal pharmacokinetics of orally administered vancomycin in patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:363. PMID 21192802 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
136. HAMON_PROSTATE_PK_2026Hamon A et al. Infect Dis Now 2026;56(6S):105316. PMID 42323087 (abstract checked 2026-10-11)
137. HEAT_2015Young P et al. Acetaminophen for Fever in Critically Ill Patients with Suspected Infection (HEAT). N Engl J Med 2015;373(23):2215-2224. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1508375. PMID 26436473 (IV acetaminophen 1 g q6h vs placebo; ICU-free days median 23 vs 22, not statistically significant; 90-day mortality not statistically significant). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
138. HOOTON_AMC_CYSTITIS_2005Hooton TM et al. JAMA 2005;293:949-955. PMID 15728165 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
139. HSU_MCAT_TW_2012Hsu SF et al. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2012;45:134-140. PMID 22154675 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
140. HUANG_ASP_TVGH_2022Huang LJ et al. The impact of antimicrobial stewardship program designed to shorten antibiotics use on the incidence of resistant bacterial infections and mortality. Sci Rep 2022;12:913. PMID 35042878 (Taipei Veterans General Hospital ASP with pre-prescription approval; PMC8766441 Table 1 read directly 2026-10-10: restricted = piperacillin/tazobactam; 3rd-gen (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, flomoxef, ceftazidime, cefoperazone) and 4th-gen (cefepime) cephalosporins; carbapenems; cipro/levo/moxifloxacin; vancomycin, teicoplanin; colistin, daptomycin, fusidate, linezolid, tigecycline. ICU and ER exempt from pre-approval (post-prescription review). Single hospital; Taiwan has no national list)
141. HUANG_TIGE_FIB_2026Huang YT et al. Infect Drug Resist 2026;19:607775. PMID 42305933 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
142. HUNG_MP_TW_2021Hung HM et al. Clonal spread of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae ST3 and ST17 among children in Taiwan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:1169.e1-6. PMID 33010445 (prospective, 2017-2019, 174/226 = 77% macrolide-resistant; paediatric only)
143. HUTTNER_2018Huttner A et al. Effect of 5-Day Nitrofurantoin vs Single-Dose Fosfomycin on Clinical Resolution of Uncomplicated Lower UTI in Women: RCT. JAMA 2018;319:1781-1789. PMID 29710295 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
144. HYPRESS_2016Keh D et al. Effect of Hydrocortisone on Development of Shock Among Patients With Severe Sepsis: The HYPRESS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016;316(17):1775-1785. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.14799. PMID 27695824 (no statistically significant reduction in progression to septic shock; hyperglycaemia more frequent with hydrocortisone). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
145. IDSA_AMR_2024Tamma PD et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. Clin Infect Dis 2024. doi:10.1093/cid/ciae403. PMID 39108079 (corrected 2026-10-10: PMC11273847 is Keck JM, Antibiotics 2024, a review, not the guidance)
146. IDSA_AMR_2026Tamma PD et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2026 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. Clin Infect Dis 2026. doi:10.1093/cid/ciag481. PMID 42570093 (current as of March 1, 2026; idsociety.org page read 2026-10-10: CRAB Q5.4 minocycline preferred over tigecycline when a tetracycline derivative is used; invasive CRAB preferred sulbactam-durlobactam + carbapenem (Q5.1); high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam + >=1 agent only as temporary bridging (Q5.2); P. aeruginosa Q4.1 traditional beta-lactam for carbapenem-R / beta-lactam-S). Dates: PDF (research/sources/IDSA_AMR_2026.pdf p1) received 2026-07-28, published online 2026-08-08; idsociety.org Version 5.0 web text dated 2026-07-30 (web page, not verifiable from the PDF). Full PDF read 2026-10-11 (staging/guideline_check/IDSA_AMR_2026.md). Quiz cite-check 2026-10-11: S. maltophilia Q6.1-6.6 read.
147. IDSA_ASP_2016Barlam TF et al. Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: Guidelines by IDSA and SHEA. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62(10):e51-e77. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw118. PMID 27080992 (PMC5006285 full text; Rec 15 stratified antibiograms, weak recommendation, low-quality evidence). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
148. IDSA_CAUTI_2009Hooton TM et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from IDSA. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(5):625-663. doi:10.1086/650482. PMID 20175247 (full text: Rec 6 place catheters only for appropriate indications; Rec 10 remove as soon as no longer needed; Rec 46 replace a catheter in place > 2 weeks at CA-UTI onset if still indicated, A-I; Rec 46i urine culture from the freshly placed catheter before antibiotics, A-II; marked ARCHIVED on idsociety.org, no successor recommendation). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
149. IDSA_CDI_2017McDonald LC et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by IDSA and SHEA. Clin Infect Dis 2018;66(7):e1-e48. PMID 29462280. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1085 (PMC6018983 Table 1 read 2026-10-10; full-text PDF read 2026-10-11)
150. IDSA_CDI_2021Johnson S et al. IDSA/SHEA 2021 Focused Update Guidelines on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73(5):e1029-e1044. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab549. PMID 34164674 (full text PDF read 2026-10-11: Rec I.1, II.1, III.1 p.e1029-e1030; Table 1 p.e1031)
151. IDSA_CUTI_2025Trautner BW, Cortés-Penfield NW, Gupta K, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by IDSA: 2025 Guideline on Management and Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections — Selection of Antibiotic Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2026;82(Suppl 3):i36-i67（2025-12-19 線上出版）. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaf460. PMID 41419213（全文已讀 2026-10-11，research/sources/IDSA_2025_cUTI.pdf；本篇只含經驗／definitive 選藥：Rec A-I、A-II、B Step 1–4、C-I；IV→PO 見 IDSA_CUTI_2025_IVPO，療程見 IDSA_CUTI_2025_DURATION（PMID 41419448））
152. IDSA_CUTI_2025_DURATIONTrautner BW, Cortés-Penfield NW, Gupta K, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by IDSA: 2025 Guidelines on Management and Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections - Duration of Antibiotics for Complicated UTI. Clin Infect Dis 2026;82(Suppl 3):i79-i88（2025-12-20 線上出版）. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaf462. PMID 41419448（全文已讀 2026-10-11，research/sources/IDSA_2025_cUTI_duration.pdf：Rec I cUTI 含急性腎盂腎炎、臨床改善者 FQ 5-7 天〔conditional, moderate〕或非 FQ 7 天〔conditional, very low〕，不採 10-14 天；Rec II 合併 Gram 陰性菌血症 7 天，不採 14 天〔conditional, low〕；療程自第一個有效抗生素日起算；疑似急性細菌性攝護腺炎的男性可能需 10-14 天）
153. IDSA_CUTI_2025_IVPOTrautner BW, Cortés-Penfield NW, Gupta K, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by IDSA: 2025 Guidelines on Management and Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections - Timing of Intravenous to Oral Antibiotics Transition. Clin Infect Dis 2026;82(Suppl 3):i68-i78. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaf461. PMID 41414903 (full text read 2026-10-11, research/sources/IDSA_2025_cUTI_IVPO.pdf: Rec I i68-i69 conditional/low; Rec II with Gram-negative bacteremia i69-i70 conditional/very low; no minimum IV days stated, the 4 RCTs switched on day 3-4 (i71); switch criteria i74; Figure 1 as printed shows the empiric-selection algorithm, not IV-to-oral steps)
154. IDSA_ESCMID_SAB_2026IDSA/ESCMID 2026 Consensus Statements on Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Risk Stratification, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Management of Adults and Children, Part 1 (panel chair C. Liu; co-chairs H.F. Chambers, F. Vandenesch, W.V. Kern). idsociety.org, published 2026-09-09 (abridged web version read 2026-10-11, research/sources/IDSA_ESCMID_2026_SAB.pdf: Consensus Statements 1-7 on risk stratification, follow-up blood cultures, TTE, TEE, whole-body imaging and duration; 14 days from blood culture clearance for SAB without deep-seated or metastatic foci; antibiotic choice and oral switch not covered, deferred to MSSA/MRSA management manuscripts; full-text CID manuscripts not read)
155. IDSA_HAP_2016Kalil AC et al. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by IDSA and ATS. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63(5):e61-e111. PMID 27418577 (full-text PDF read 2026-10-11, research/sources/IDSA_ATS_2016_HAP_VAP.pdf: Executive Summary Recs I-XXV pp. e61-e68, Table 2 p. e63, Table 3 p. e64, Table 4 p. e65; MRSA/dapto/tigecycline evidence p. e82; ertapenem p. e93-e94; Acinetobacter p. e97-e98; Section X Rec 3 (VAP) and Section XII Rec 1.iii (HAP) 'Oxacillin, nafcillin, or cefazolin are preferred agents for treatment of proven MSSA'. Supersedes ATS/IDSA 2005; resistant-GNB therapy updated by IDSA AMR 2026, vancomycin trough targets by Rybak 2020) Quiz cite-check 2026-10-10/11: Section XV (MRSA HAP/VAP vancomycin or linezolid; remarks on blood counts, SSRI, renal function) and P. aeruginosa monotherapy text re-read on academic.oup.com.
156. IDSA_HAVM_2017Tunkel AR et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America's Clinical Practice Guidelines for Healthcare-Associated Ventriculitis and Meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64:e34-e65. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw861. PMID 28203777 (Rec 41: MSSA - nafcillin or oxacillin, strong/moderate; vancomycin for beta-lactam allergy, weak/moderate); Table 2 'Recommended Dosages ... in Adults With Normal Renal and Hepatic Function' (Table 2 p.e53 lists TOTAL DAILY dose with interval: adult meropenem 6 g/day q8h (=2 g q8h), cefepime 6 g/day q8h, ceftazidime 6 g/day q8h, nafcillin/oxacillin 12 g/day q4h, ampicillin 12 g/day q4h, vancomycin 30-60 mg/kg/day q8-12h; footnote i: trough 15-20 ug/mL with intermittent bolus; no cefazolin, no systemic polymyxin). Rec 37 p.e49 empiric vancomycin + anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam (strong, low); Rec 42 MRSA vancomycin; Rec 45 linezolid/daptomycin/TMP-SMX if beta-lactam and vancomycin unusable (strong, low); Rec 49 Pseudomonas cefepime/ceftazidime/meropenem (strong, moderate); Rec 50 ESBL meropenem; Rec 51 Acinetobacter meropenem, carbapenem-resistant: colistimethate or polymyxin B IV + intraventricular (strong, moderate); Table 3 p.e54 IVT colistin 10 mg/day; Rec 60 p.e55 S. aureus/GNB 10-14 d, some experts GNB 21 d; Rec 63 remove infected CSF drain (strong, moderate); no adjunctive steroid recommendation. Full-text PDF read 2026-10-11; no renal-impairment dosing text
157. IDSA_IAI_2010Solomkin JS et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by SIS and IDSA. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(2):133-164. doi:10.1086/649554. PMID 20034345 (full-text PDF checked 2026-10-11, research/sources/IDSA_SIS_2010_cIAI.pdf: Rec 29 A-I, 30 A-I, 31-33 B-II, 34 A-I, 38 A-I, 42 B-II, 55 B-II, 56-57 B-III, 59 A-III, 61 B-II, 72 B-III, 76 B-III, 83 B-II, Tables 1-4; erratum on dosage text, CID 2010;50(12):1695, not checked)
158. IDSA_IAI_2024Bonomo RA et al. 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the IDSA on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Risk Assessment, Diagnostic Imaging, and Microbiological Evaluation in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People. Clin Infect Dis 2024;79(S3):S81-S87. doi:10.1093/cid/ciae346 (full text read 2026-10-11; summary paper, 21 recs, unnumbered: APACHE II preferred severity score p.S82; CT first for suspected abscess in non-pregnant adults and adolescents p.S85; blood cultures if fever + hypotension/tachypnea/delirium or resistant-organism concern, not routine otherwise in non-immunocompromised patients p.S85-86; intra-abdominal cultures at source-control procedure, conditional/moderate, fluid inoculation preferred p.S86; not routine in uncomplicated appendicitis p.S86. Does not cover antimicrobial choice; IDSA_IAI_2010 still cited for regimens; excludes cancer p.S82)
159. IDSA_MENING_2004Tunkel AR et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1267-1284. PMID 15494903. doi:10.1086/425368 (full-text PDF read 2026-10-10: Table 4 p.1275 empiric therapy; Table 5 p.1276 pathogen-specific therapy incl. S. pneumoniae MIC strata and MSSA nafcillin/oxacillin; Table 6 p.1277 adult daily doses - ceftriaxone 4 g q12-24h, ampicillin 12 g q4h, nafcillin/oxacillin 9-12 g q4h, vancomycin 30-45 mg/kg q8-12h; Table 8 p.1281 durations - S. pneumoniae 10-14 d, aerobic GNB 21 d, Listeria >=21 d, no S. aureus row); Table 6 footnotes read verbatim 2026-10-10: b (amikacin/gentamicin/tobramycin) 'Need to monitor peak and trough serum concentrations', g (vancomycin) 'Maintain serum trough concentrations of 15-20' - doses are for adults without a renal column
160. IDSA_MRSA_2011Liu C et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the IDSA for the treatment of MRSA infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52(3):e18-e55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. PMID 21208910 (full text PDF read 2026-10-11, research/sources/IDSA_2011_MRSA.pdf: Recs 1-77 pp. e19-e23, bacteremia evidence pp. e35-e36, CNS pp. e39-e40; archived by IDSA, no designated successor; erratum CID 2011;53:319 not read)
161. IDSA_SSTI_2014Stevens DL et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the IDSA. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(2):e10-e52. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu444. PMID 24973422 (print version 59:147-159, doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296, PMID 24947530; erratum PMID 25725056, dosage error in text, content not retrieved). Full-text PDF research/sources/IDSA_2014_SSTI.pdf read 2026-10-11: Figure 1 p.e11; Recs 3-6 p.e12-e13; Table 2 p.e14-e15; Recs 12-15 p.e15; Recs 22-29, 33 p.e16; Recs 38-42 p.e17; Table 3 p.e28; Table 4 p.e29; NF text p.e30; gas gangrene text p.e32; Table 5 p.e34
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164. JASPER_2021Jasper AS et al. Are Fluoroquinolones or Macrolides Better for Treating Legionella Pneumonia? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021;72:1979-89. PMID 32296816 (21 studies, 3,525 patients: mortality FQ 6.9% vs macrolide 7.4%, OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.71-1.25, no statistically significant difference)
165. JEAN_HFLU_ICU_TW_2009Jean SS et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;28:1013-1017. PMID 19280234 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
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169. KDIGO_CKD_2024KDIGO CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of CKD. Kidney Int 2024;105(4S):S117-S314. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018. PMID 38490803 (Practice Points 4.1.1 and 4.1.3 on limiting potentially nephrotoxic over-the-counter drugs; practice points are not graded recommendations). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
170. KENEALY_2025Kenealy T, Arroll B. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2025;11:CD000247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub4. PMID 41277585 (common cold: cure or persistent symptoms RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.60-1.14, not statistically significant; adverse effects in adults RR 2.62, 95% CI 1.32-5.18). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
171. KHAN_DRUG_ALLERGY_2022Khan DA, Banerji A, Blumenthal KG, et al. Drug allergy: A 2022 practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022;150(6):1333-1393. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.028. PMID 36122788 (full text read 2026-10-11, research/sources/Khan_2022_drug_allergy.pdf. CBS 4 p1353 proactive delabeling (strong/moderate); CBS 6 p1353 skin test for anaphylaxis history; CBS 9 p1355 direct amoxicillin challenge, distant benign rash; CBS 12 p1357 penicillin anaphylaxis -> dissimilar R1 cephalosporin without testing or additional precautions (conditional/moderate); CBS 13 p1359; CBS 17 p1360 carbapenem; CBS 18 p1360 aztreonam; desensitization = induction of drug tolerance, Definitions p1336, Fig 3 p1358. Not addressed: sulbactam, penicillin desensitization for amp-sulb specifically)
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175. KLOBUCAR_2022Klobucar K et al. Genetic and Chemical Screening Reveals Targets and Compounds to Potentiate Gram-Positive Antibiotics against Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2022;8(10):2187-2197. PMID 36098580 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
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189. LEE_MP_TW_2026Lee HY et al. Emergence of clinically macrolide-unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae segmental/lobar pneumonia ... in children in Taiwan, 2024-2025. Antibiotics (Basel) 2026;15:292. PMID 41892454, PMC13024332 (single-centre paediatric; macrolide non-response after 3 days 82.0% segmental/lobar vs 41.7% bronchopneumonia; no M. pneumoniae PCR or resistance-gene testing at this centre (Methods 4.3), so the 54.4% in the Discussion is not a genotypic resistance rate; no adult data)
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201. LLEWELYN_2017Llewelyn MJ et al. The antibiotic course has had its day. BMJ 2017;358:j3418. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3418. PMID 28747365 (analysis / opinion article, not an RCT). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
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203. LU_SCRUB_2021Lu CT, Wang LS, Hsueh PR. Scrub typhus and antibiotic-resistant Orientia tsutsugamushi. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021;19:1519-27. PMID 34109905 (abstract read)
204. MAILLARD_2023Maillard A et al. Effectiveness of third-generation cephalosporins or piperacillin compared with cefepime or carbapenems for severe infections caused by wild-type AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023;62:106809. PMID 37028731 (n=575: treatment failure from AmpC overproduction 3GC aHR 6.81 (3.76-12.4), piperacillin+/-tazobactam aHR 3.13 (1.69-5.80) vs cefepime/carbapenem; 30-day mortality not significantly different)
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207. MAREDIA_2021Maredia NN et al. Adverse effects of chronic nitrofurantoin therapy in women with recurrent UTI in an outpatient setting. World J Urol 2021;39:2597-2603. PMID 33026477 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
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209. MARX_CFZ_HD_1998Marx MA, Frye RF, Matzke GR, Golper TA. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:410-414. PMID 9740156 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
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233. NHI_ABX_RULE_10_1全民健康保險藥品給付規定 第10節 抗微生物劑（115.9.22 更新版）：10.1 通則（第5–7項：第一線優先；敗血症、中樞神經感染、使用呼吸器、免疫不全、感染科會診、嚴重院內感染等可直接使用非第一線藥；第12項：另有專屬條文者依各該規定）、附表一 第一線抗微生物製劑品名表（注射劑不含 piperacillin/tazobactam、cefepime、ceftriaxone）；專屬條文 10.3.6 CZA、10.5.1–10.5.2 carbapenem、10.8.1 vancomycin、10.8.3 linezolid、10.8.5 tigecycline、10.8.6 colistin、10.8.7 daptomycin、10.8.9 minocycline IV. 本地 PDF research/sources/NHI_drug_payment_rules_1150922.pdf（印刷頁 233–250、271）(read 2026-10-11)
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254. PITTET_2006Pittet D et al. Evidence-based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices. Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6(10):641-652. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70600-4. PMID 17008173 (environment and hands are linked steps of one transmission chain). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
255. POLYMYXIN_2019Tsuji BT et al. International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins (ACCP/ESCMID/IDSA/ISAP/SCCM/SIDP). Pharmacotherapy 2019;39:10-39. doi:10.1002/phar.2209. PMID 30710469 (PMC7437259 section XX, R35-R36 read 2026-10-10: IVT/ITH CMS 125,000 IU/day with concomitant IV polymyxin for MDR/XDR GNB ventriculitis/meningitis; IV colistin CSF ~5% of serum; R9 loading dose 300 mg CBA, R11 CMS maintenance adjusted for renal insufficiency per Table 2, read on PMC7437259 2026-10-11)
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263. RECLAIM_2016Mazuski JE et al. Efficacy and Safety of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Plus Metronidazole Versus Meropenem in the Treatment of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection: Results From a Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Program. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:1380-9. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw133. PMID 26962078 (RECLAIM-1/2; the cIAI regimen studied is ceftazidime-avibactam plus metronidazole)
264. RHOADS_BCID2_2023Rhoads DD, Pournaras S, Leber A, et al. Multicenter Evaluation of the BIOFIRE Blood Culture Identification 2 Panel for Detection of Bacteria, Yeasts, and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Positive Blood Culture Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2023;61(6):e0189122. PMID 37227281. doi:10.1128/jcm.01891-22 (PMC10281132 abstract + Table 1 read 2026-10-10: AMR targets CTX-M, IMP, KPC, mcr-1, mecA/C, mecA/C+MREJ, NDM, OXA-48-like, vanA/B, VIM — no AmpC or porin targets; on-panel sensitivity 98.9%, specificity 99.6%; off-panel organisms in 10.6% of samples; AMR PPA 97.9%, NPA 99.9%)
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275. SHEA_SSI_2022Calderwood MS et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023;44:695-720. PMID 37137483, PMC10867741 (full text read 2026-10-10: cefazolin 2 g ≤120 kg / 3 g >120 kg; within 1 h before incision; redose cefazolin after 4 h in procedures >4 h or blood loss >1,500 mL; reported β-lactam allergy can usually receive β-lactam prophylaxis)
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304. TIST_2012Chen YH et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:1452-1457. PMID 22203598 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
305. TIST_VANCO_2014Tsao SM et al. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;80:162-167. PMID 25053202 (abstract read 2026-10-10: TIST 2006-2010, 670 invasive MRSA, all but 1 MIC <=1, no vancomycin creep)
306. TMPSMX_PKPD_2019Hagihara M, et al. The First Report on Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Study of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole against Staphylococcus aureus with a Neutropenic Murine Thigh Infection Model. Chemotherapy 2019;64:224-232 (PMID 32434196; DOI 10.1159/000507540): fAUC/MIC (R2 0.69) and f%T>MIC (R2 0.71) of SMX both correlated better than fCmax/MIC (R2 0.53); divided doses (2-3 times/day) more active than a single daily dose; authors favour fAUC/MIC as the index
307. TONG_SAB_2025Tong SYC, Fowler VG Jr, Skalla L, Holland TL. Management of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Review. JAMA 2025;334(9):798-808. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.4288. PMID 40193249, PMC12663922 (PMC full text confirmed in PubMed 2026-10-11; Treatment section read 2026-10-11: empiric anti-MRSA where MRSA >5%; MSSA cefazolin or ASP, better outcomes than vancomycin)
308. TRAUTNER_2004Trautner BW, Darouiche RO. Role of biofilm in catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Am J Infect Control 2004;32(3):177-183. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2003.08.005. PMID 15153930. PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
309. TSAI_MP_TW_2021Tsai TA et al. Rational stepwise approach for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2021;54:557-65. PMID 33268306 (Taiwan review, abstract read)
310. TSAI_TW_CDI_2024Tsai CS et al. Ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of clinical Clostridioides difficile isolates: a multicenter, laboratory-based surveillance in Taiwan, 2019-2021. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2024;57(2):320-327. PMID 38135646 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
311. TSAR_BACT_2024Huang YC, Kuo SC, Fang CT, Lauderdale TL. Microbiol Spectr 2024;12(8):e00608-24. PMID 38916365. TSAR bacteremia 2002-2020, 29 hospitals, all-species isolates 40.6% outpatient/ER, 45.4% non-ICU inpatient, 14% ICU (distribution of all bacteremia isolates, not E. coli-specific; E. coli skews outpatient: 41% of outpatient, 26.4% of inpatient, 15.9% of ICU bacteremia). E. coli: 3GC-NS 12% (2002) -> 34.1% (2020); ciprofloxacin-NS 20% -> 43.4%; TMP-SMX-NS 59.6% -> 40.8% (decreasing, P<0.001) Quiz cite-check 2026-10-10: E. coli / K. pneumoniae 3GC and pip-tazo figures re-read in PMC11301998 Results.
312. TSAR_CRE_2022Lee YL et al. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2025;58:219-225. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2025.01.006. PMID 39934015 (TSAR 2020-2022: 138 imipenem-NS K. pneumoniae, CZA S 90.6%; CZA-R isolates 18 MBL-positive + 2 KPC, E. coli and K. pneumoniae combined)
313. TSAR_ECOLI_2015Wang JT et al. PLoS One 2015;10(12):e0144103. PMID 26632819 (TSAR outpatient/ER E. coli 2002-2012, full text Table 1-3: 2010-2012 SXT non-susceptible 47.2%, ciprofloxacin 25.1% (2012: 26.9%; elderly 34.5%, adult 20.2%), nitrofurantoin ~8%, fosfomycin 0.7%, ESBL 10.7%; ESBL-positive isolates ciprofloxacin NS 73.7-94.2%; ESBL/AmpC-negative ciprofloxacin NS 12.5%)
314. TSAR_PA_2022Lee YL et al. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2025;66:107550. PMID 40480535 (TSAR 2022: imipenem-non-susceptible P. aeruginosa 16.9% [85/503], mixed inpatient/outpatient)
315. TSAR_SPN_2018Wu CJ et al. Front Microbiol 2020;11:557404. PMID 33193140 (TSAR S. pneumoniae 2002-2018: 2018 penicillin non-susceptible 39.3% by non-meningitis breakpoints; erythromycin non-susceptible 93.1%, tetracycline 94.2%, TMP-SMX 70.3%, levofloxacin 6.2% across study years; Table 2 2018 by meningitis vs non-meningitis breakpoints: penicillin non-susceptible 88.8% vs 39.3%, ceftriaxone non-susceptible 60.7% vs 47.2% (full text checked in REVIEW_MEDICAL_fix1; cite completed 2026-10-10, REVIEW_MEDICAL_fix2 F4))
316. TSAR_ST131_2021Wang JL et al. Microorganisms 2021;9(5):963. PMID 33947027 (TSAR outpatient urine E. coli 2002-2016, n=2997, full text Table 1: TMP-SMX susceptible 30.0% in CIP-R/CTX-R (n=380), 40.0% in CIP-S/CTX-R (n=130), 58.3% in CIP-S/CTX-S; CTX-R group includes ESBL and AmpC producers)
317. TSAR_T1Huang YC et al. Microbiol Spectr 2024;12(8):e0060824. PMID 38916365（TSAR 菌血症 2002–2020）; PMID abstract read 2026-10-10 (E. faecium vancomycin resistance 10.0% in 2004 -> 47.7% in 2020)
318. TURNIDGE_BL_PD_1998Turnidge JD. The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:10-22. PMID 9675443 (abstract read 2026-10-11)
319. TW_HVISA_2016Huang SH et al. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2016;49:701-707. PMID 26320398 (abstract read 2026-10-10: Taiwan 2012-2013, 15 hospitals, 622 sterile-site MRSA with vancomycin MIC >=1: hVISA 10.0%, VISA 2.7% vs 0.7% / 0.2% in 2003)
320. UDY_ARC_2012Udy AA et al. Chest 2012;142:30-39. PMID 22194591 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
321. UNASYN_LABEL_2025UNASYN (ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium) for injection, US prescribing information, Roerig (Pfizer), revised 11/2025 (LAB-0017-27.0). DailyMed setid 155c7ec0-5862-404f-b1d0-f278f8a8bbda (read 2026-10-10: Table 3 renal dosing, sulbactam max 4 g/day, mononucleosis rash, allopurinol rash, microbiology list)
322. VANCO_AUC_2020Rybak MJ et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious MRSA infections: revised consensus guideline (ASHP/IDSA/PIDS/SIDP). Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020;77(11):835-864. PMID 32191793. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa036 (full text read 2026-10-11, research/sources/Rybak_2020_vancomycin_TDM.pdf; Table 2 pp.854-856: #1 AUC 400-600 A-II, #3 trough-only 15-20 no longer recommended A-II, #4 monitoring indications, #9 15-20 mg/kg q8-12h, #12 loading 20-35 mg/kg max 3,000 mg B-II, #13 obese loading 20-25 mg/kg, #14-16 dialysis/CRRT; p.844 infusion >=60 min; p.837 no meningitis exposure-outcome data)
323. VANDEBEEK_2004van de Beek D et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2004;351(18):1849-1859. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040845. PMID 15509818 (presenting features of community-acquired bacterial meningitis). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
324. VANDENBROEK_CRO_PTA_2023van den Broek AK, et al. Population PK/PD target attainment of ceftriaxone 2 g once daily in non-critically ill hospitalized adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023;89:3262-3272. PMID 37309251. doi:10.1111/bcp.15819
325. VERCHEVAL_2020Vercheval C, Sadzot B, Maes N, et al. Continuous infusion of cefepime and neurotoxicity: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020 (epub Jul 9). PMID 32653661. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.003 (abstract read 2026-10-10: continuous infusion 4 g/day with TDM, n=98; neurotoxicity 14.3%)
326. VIK_2018Vik I et al. Ibuprofen versus pivmecillinam for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: a double-blind, randomized non-inferiority trial. PLoS Med 2018;15(5):e1002569. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002569. PMID 29763434 (pyelonephritis 7 vs 0). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
327. WANG_CRBS_PA_TW_2026Wang SH et al. BMC Infect Dis 2026;26:1698. PMID 42387410 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
328. WANG_ERTA_NEURO_2023Wang C et al. Ertapenem-induced neurotoxicity: a literature review of clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Infect Drug Resist 2023;16:3649-58. PMID 37313264
329. WANG_MRSA_MIC2_2010Wang JL et al. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:159. PMID 20529302 (abstract read 2026-10-10: single-centre nosocomial MRSA bacteremia n=123, MIC=2 21.1%, 30-day mortality HR 2.39 [95% CI 1.20-4.79])
330. WAN_NTHI_TW_2024Wan TW et al. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024;64:107319. PMID 39233216 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
331. WELLING_DOXY_1977Welling PG et al. Bioavailability of tetracycline and doxycycline in fasted and nonfasted subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977;11:462-9. PMID 856000 (abstract read)
332. WERNICKE_ZUCCOLI_2009Zuccoli G, Pipitone N. Neuroimaging findings in acute Wernicke's encephalopathy: review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;192(2):501-8. PMID 19155417 (abstract read 2026-10-11)
333. WHELTON_DOXY_RENAL_1974Whelton A et al. Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in the absence of renal function. Kidney Int 1974;5:365-71. PMID 4427416 (title only; no abstract)
334. WHO_AWARE_2025The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO AWaRe (access, watch, reserve) classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. doi:10.2471/B09489. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (copyright sheet of the xlsx, checked 2026-10-11; game uses the group labels of 26 drugs only, non-commercial, attributed in LICENSES.txt section 7 and /credits/). WHO document B09489 (B09489-eng.xlsx downloaded by the user 2026-10-10; research/sources/WHO_AWaRe_2025.csv, roster map AWaRe_2025_roster_map.csv). Used for roster_drugs.csv `aware`
335. WHO_CRE_2017WHO. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Health Care Facilities. Geneva: WHO; 2017. PMID 29630191 (NBK493061; summary read, individual recommendation numbers not cited). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
336. WHO_HH_2009WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care: First Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care Is Safer Care. Geneva: WHO; 2009. PMID 23805438 (NBK144013). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241597906 (full text section 21.4 'My five moments for hand hygiene'; IA/IB grading of the consensus recommendations not retrieved and not used in player text). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
337. WILCOX_CRBSI_2009Wilcox MH et al. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:203-212. PMID 19072714 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
338. WU_2020Wu Z et al. Norepinephrine vs Vasopressin: Which Vasopressor Should Be Discontinued First in Septic Shock? A Meta-Analysis. Shock 2020;53(1):50-57. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000001345. PMID 31008869 (evidence insufficient for a weaning order; player text names no order). PubMed record re-confirmed 2026-10-11 (DM WS-A).
339. WU_HCAP_TW_2013Wu CL et al. Antimicrobial drug-resistant microbes associated with hospitalized community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia: a multi-center study in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2013;112:31-40. PMID 23332427 (6 medical centres, 2007; pathogen-positive HCAP n=383 vs CAP n=441: Pseudomonas 29% vs 10%, Klebsiella 24% vs 25%, MRSA 8% vs 4%, S. pneumoniae 2% vs 6%; PADR microbes 23% HCAP vs 13% CAP; risk factors previous hospitalization, neoplastic and neurological disease)
340. WU_MP_TW_2024Wu TH et al. Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections among Children before and during COVID-19 Pandemic, Taiwan, 2017-2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024;30:1692-6. PMID 39043456 (paediatric only; no Taiwan adult data)
341. WU_NCKUH_BSI_2006Wu CJ et al. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2006;39:135-143. PMID 16604246 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
342. YAHAV2019Yahav D et al. Clin Infect Dis 2019;69:1091-1098. PMID 30535100
343. YAHAV_FEP_2007Yahav D et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:338-348. PMID 17448937 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
344. YANG_COLR_KP_TW_2020Yang TY et al. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55:105894. PMID 31923567 (49 colistin- and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, Kaohsiung: mgrB alterations 65.3%; abstract read 2026-10-10) Erratum PMID 35970696.
345. YANG_CZA_TW_2020Yang TY et al. Microorganisms 2020;8:1981. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8121981. PMID 33322803 (472 Taiwan CnsKP: CZA S 85.2% overall, 93.6% non-MBL, 7.1% MBL; aztreonam-avibactam 95.3%)
346. YEN_CAP_TW_2005Yen MY et al. A prospective etiologic study of community-acquired pneumonia in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2005;104:724-30. PMID 16385374 (100 mild-moderate adult CAP: S. pneumoniae 26%, M. pneumoniae 20%, C. pneumoniae 13%, H. influenzae 9%, K. pneumoniae 5%; Legionella not among top 5)
347. YOKOYAMA_SUL_RENAL_2015Yokoyama Y et al. J Infect Chemother 2015;21:284-9. PMID 25638291 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
348. YOUNGSTER_G6PD_2010Youngster I et al. Medications and G6PD deficiency: an evidence-based review. Drug Saf 2010;33:713-726. PMID 20701405 (abstract read 2026-10-10)
349. ZDARSKA_KPN_2026Zdarska V, Arcari G, Kolar M, Mlynarcik P. Antibiotics (Basel) 2026;15(1):37. PMID 41594074 (PMC12837551 section 2.1 read 2026-10-10)
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OpenEvidence 查詢紀錄（輔助核對）（39 筆）

以 OpenEvidence 查詢作為輔助佐證；遊戲數值仍以其中引用的原始指引或文獻為準。

1. FDA_GENT_LABELFDA gentamicin sulfate injection label, DailyMed setid 8bdeef7f-ad8e-46e0-a872-e945eae51d68 (updated 2023-12-20); obese dosing on lean body mass (via OE, page not opened)
2. OE_ACTIVITYOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article 881a0d77-ac51-4b0a-9e4d-144e55cd0b3a): linezolid no clinically useful M. pneumoniae activity; ceftazidime 8-16x less active than ceftriaxone vs S. pneumoniae, weaker vs group A strep; Serratia intrinsically colistin-resistant; nitrofurantoin label: most E. faecium not susceptible
3. OE_ADJ_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answers 2026-10-10 (docs/OE_ADJUDICATION.md): 0be3c54b (vanco/colistin/dexamethasone/daptomycin), 7010aee8 (gent/doxy vs E. faecium, levo vs CRKP, linezolid vs Mycoplasma), 4c186f35 (CRPA non-DTR, colistin vs CRAB/CRPA), c1b4b9b2 (CRAB minocycline vs tigecycline), 0bb51e51 (Taiwan restricted antibiotics), 258a374f (Taiwan CAP etiology), 5a05b4a3 (Taiwan M. pneumoniae macrolide resistance), 95825bf1 (Taiwan community E. coli UTI resistance), abd80b9b (CAP comorbid regimen; Legionella duration), 542a0b43 (Taiwan adult meningitis and elderly ward CAP), 746bd8a3 (piperacillin AmpC derepression)
4. OE_AMP_RENAL_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 88adf244-efe5-4494-be89-76482dbd3e8d): ampicillin renal/HD dosing; primary citation Blum 1989 PMID 2817847 (abstract re-read at cite-check 2026-10-11)
5. OE_CAP_EMPIRICOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article bc111b17-3bf0-4a95-bdf9-e5464548454c): ATS/IDSA 2019 — outpatient with comorbidities: amox-clav or cephalosporin + macrolide (strong) or + doxycycline (conditional, low quality), or respiratory FQ; inpatient non-severe: ampicillin-sulbactam / cefotaxime / ceftriaxone / ceftaroline + macrolide (strong, high quality) or respiratory FQ; doxycycline as macrolide alternative (conditional, low)
6. OE_CEFEPIME_GUIDE_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 45833a76-a43f-4d06-af72-653d97c09f84): IDSA 2024 ESBL-E cefepime not suggested even if susceptible (via EBMT manual secondary); IDSA 2010 FN monotherapy/vancomycin wording; IDSA 2017 HAVM Rec 37 empiric vancomycin + cefepime/ceftazidime/meropenem, pip-tazo not listed
7. OE_CEFEPIME_NEUROOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article a33aea08-b0ef-4d7c-b644-c948de81733b): cefepime-induced neurotoxicity — ~90% of cases with renal dysfunction, non-adjusted dosing in up to 41%; altered mental status 93-100%, myoclonus ~40%, NCSE ~30%; median onset 4 days; improves after stopping (~97.5%), hemodialysis can hasten recovery; other agents: carbapenems (seizure), metronidazole (cerebellar), FQ (psychosis)
8. OE_CFZ_AMPC_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article b40a5e1d-2f9f-4506-86ad-371307d915f7): E. cloacae complex and other ESCPM chromosomal-AmpC Enterobacterales listed as intrinsically resistant to first-generation cephalosporins (CLSI M100 Appendix B / EUCAST Expected Resistant Phenotypes); K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis not intrinsically resistant to cefazolin. OE primaries: Tamma 2019 CID PMID 30838380; Jacoby 2009 CMR PMID 19136439; Meini 2019 Infection
9. OE_CFZ_PROPHY_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article d75c4d8d-ccf1-4406-9c5b-e253545176a0): cefazolin prophylaxis 2 g <120 kg / 3 g ≥120 kg, redose ~q4h; primaries Calderwood 2023 (PMID 37137483), Bindellini 2025 (PMID 39894750), FDA cefazolin label; Bratzler 2013 (AJHP 70:195, PMID 23327981) attributed but not read
10. OE_CNS_RENALOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 4315b31e-9013-442f-bf11-41e90e37c56e): meningitis with renal impairment - keep the per-dose intensity and extend the interval rather than applying non-CNS renal reduction tables (attributed to van de Beek 2012/2021, PMID 23141618, 34303412); vancomycin AUC-guided dosing (ASHP/IDSA 2020, PMID 32191793); no validated CNS-specific CrCl table for cefepime, meropenem or ampicillin
11. OE_COLISTIN_CRABOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article bb39cbd9-c738-4b80-bb42-fe7415002ee5): colistin activity is not reduced by carbapenem resistance mechanisms; Taipei CRAB 7/452 (~1.5%) colistin-resistant; Taiwan CRKP colistin non-susceptibility 4.3% (2012) -> 20.9% (2015)
12. OE_CRAB_TETRAOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 03473b99-c365-443d-9733-09ec4beddd83): CRAB — no fixed minocycline vs tigecycline hierarchy; tigecycline/minocycline not favoured for bloodstream or urinary infection (low serum/urine levels), where polymyxin B / cefiderocol (bacteremia) or colistin (UTI) are preferred; polymyxin consensus cites PK/PD limits and on-therapy resistance (not heteroresistance specifically)
13. OE_DEF1_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answers 2026-10-10 (docs/REVIEW_MEDICAL_def1.md section E): 34ddb30c (GNB bacteremia oral step-down after several IV days and clinical stability; amox-clav evidence weaker), aabb25ed (no role for IV cefazolin in uncomplicated cystitis; oral amox-clav for MSSA pneumonia is a case-by-case step-down, not an equivalent of IV cefazolin)
14. OE_DEFINITIVE_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answers 2026-10-10 (content/definitive_therapy.csv): a87be670 (IDSA 2025 cUTI oral TMP-SMX / FQ step-down, durations; oral β-lactams less effective), 177b7cef (S. aureus bacteremia vancomycin / daptomycin, linezolid salvage, no doxycycline / TMP-SMX step-down, SABATO not adopted by guidelines, cefazolin for MSSA; MRSA HAP vancomycin or linezolid), 6becae6c (IDSA 2024 ESBL / AmpC / CRE agents by site), e95e9721 (cefazolin renal thresholds; cIAI cephalosporin + metronidazole and oral step-down; E. faecalis bacteremia ampicillin, oral amoxicillin observational only), 426bf357 (MSSA / MRSA meningitis alternatives; GNB bacteremia oral step-down; macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma doxycycline / levofloxacin)
15. OE_DOSINGOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article fe667001-de60-429e-a8f3-fbc2fee038a5): daptomycin >=10 mg/kg associated with better survival in VRE bacteremia (VA cohort n=911); FDA label CrCl <30 q48h; vancomycin 2020 consensus AUC 400-600, loading 20-35 mg/kg (max 3 g)
16. OE_DOXY_SAB_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 282b6685-1895-4a9c-b986-e981b7143e01): IDSA 2011 vancomycin/daptomycin for MRSA bacteremia (verified in full text: vancomycin A-II, daptomycin A-I (Rec 19)); no guideline/trial supports oral doxycycline monotherapy for SAB (primaries: Tong JAMA 2025 PMID 40193249; SABATO PMID 38244557; Kuehn JAMA 2011)
17. OE_DOXY_STREP_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 010f2b6f-d4e1-477d-92cf-acbdf325f31a): IDSA 2014 SSTI recs for nonpurulent cellulitis; tetracyclines/TMP-SMX unreliable for beta-hemolytic streptococci (primaries: Stevens 2014 PMID 24947530; Singer & Talan NEJM 2014 PMID 24620867; Raff JAMA 2016 PMID 27434444; Pereira AST 2019)
18. OE_GENT_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 25d833f9-9511-4cbd-bf5d-2938daabeb97): IDSA 2024 single-dose aminoglycoside for ESBL-E cystitis (alternative) and full course with TDM for cUTI; IDSA/ATS 2016 HAP/VAP recommend against aminoglycoside monotherapy for P. aeruginosa (strong, very low quality); AHA 2015 enterococcal synergy and HLAR; Märtson 2025 adjusted body weight (IBW + 0.4 x excess) for aminoglycosides in obesity; FDA label lean body mass. OE stated it found no explicit 8-10 peak/MIC target in retrieved sources
19. OE_HA_MENINGOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article 25ce6775-9f62-4e87-8d59-5a5353d7a9c0): IDSA 2017 healthcare-associated ventriculitis/meningitis (Tunkel CID 2017;64:e34, PMID 28203777) — empiric vancomycin + anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam (cefepime, ceftazidime or meropenem), no ampicillin; carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter: IV + intraventricular colistimethate/polymyxin B
20. OE_IDSA2024_ESBL_CRABOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article b0c792d6-743a-4589-846b-2d5aa7ba7a5f): IDSA 2024 — critically ill or hypoalbuminaemic ESBL-E infection: meropenem/imipenem preferred over ertapenem (PK reasoning; observational data show no clear mortality difference); CRAB: high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam suggested even when sulbactam non-susceptible
21. OE_IDSA_AMR_2024OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article 4844ddeb-20b7-4898-b8fe-24157c536f11): IDSA 2024 AMR guidance — CRAB high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam (sulbactam >=9 g/day, e.g. 9 g q8h over 4 h or 27 g/day CI) + polymyxin B / tigecycline(minocycline) / cefiderocol; colistin (not polymyxin B) an option for CRE cystitis; AmpC-E: cefepime if MIC <=2, pip-tazo not suggested for serious infection
22. OE_LEGIONELLA_DUROpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 3fcd7297-a814-4ae9-9e15-1f05ea8417e4): Legionella pneumonia, immunocompetent non-severe — levofloxacin 5-10 days, azithromycin 3-5 (up to ~10) days; 14-21 days for immunocompromised, severe or complicated disease; no RCT on optimal duration
23. OE_LEVO_DEESCOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article f0de06d1-5a79-48b8-b358-3e4c230b49d0, REVIEW_MEDICAL_r4 N1): Legionella with penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae co-infection improving on levofloxacin — continuing levofloxacin is appropriate pathogen-directed therapy, not a missed de-escalation; FQ and macrolide are both first-line (Jasper 2021)
24. OE_LISTERIAOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article 1f73d251-d58d-416c-b572-0bceccf26571): Listeria — ampicillin first-line 12 g/day IV, TMP-SMX alternative (penicillin allergy), gentamicin only as synergy, 21 days for neurolisteriosis; cites MONALISA cohort and FDA labeling
25. OE_MENING_DUROpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article bcccfe04-d6c1-4b91-87c7-2d081e8aadb6): aerobic GNB meningitis — community-acquired 21 days (IDSA 2004, Tunkel CID 2004;39:1267); healthcare-associated GNB or S. aureus 10–14 days, some experts 21 days for GNB (IDSA 2017, Tunkel CID 2017;64:e34); no guideline supports 7 days; AFP lists ≥14 days for community S. aureus meningitis
26. OE_MSSA_MENINGOpenEvidence answer (article df6553f4-466c-4183-bdd5-c84ed5153441), supportive only: anti-staphylococcal penicillin for MSSA meningitis; adult dosing taken from IDSA 2004 Table 6 (nafcillin/oxacillin 9-12 g/day q4h; PDF read 2026-10-10)
27. OE_NEUROTOXOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 0d07d609-fbb3-4c03-ac5e-43f2998270d2): levofloxacin/FQ FDA boxed warning (peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects incl. seizures); imipenem the most epileptogenic carbapenem (meta-analysis OR 3.50 vs non-carbapenems; meropenem OR 1.04, ertapenem OR 1.32, NS); colistin paresthesia / neuromuscular blockade dose-dependent; cefepime encephalopathy/NCSE (renal); metronidazole encephalopathy / neuropathy; linezolid duration-dependent neuropathy. Pip-tazo, CZA, high-dose penicillins: class-effect seizures in renal failure, not quantified
28. OE_NEUROTOX_BLOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 9be0d7ce-a711-435c-a84f-9fd4198230db): ceftazidime classed high-risk cephalosporin for neurotoxicity (Deshayes 2017 Drug Saf 40:1171); ceftazidime-avibactam FAERS signal for encephalopathy / seizure / myoclonus vs meropenem and ceftriaxone (Guo 2022 J Clin Pharm Ther 47:2369); piperacillin(-tazobactam) neurological AEs: 16 reported patients, renal failure in 69%, seizures 50%, resolved after stopping / hemodialysis (Deshayes 2017); Sutter 2015 Neurology 85:1332. Mostly case series / pharmacovigilance, frequency not quantified. Taiwan ESBL E. coli co-resistance to TMP-SMX: no single national figure found
29. OE_PEN_ALLERGYOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article df1cf534-c874-4c79-8a37-c7e3deb60f1d): ~10% report penicillin allergy, <5% clinically significant on evaluation (Shenoy JAMA 2019); cefazolin unique R1 side chain, low cross-reactivity (AAAAI 2022 parameter)
30. OE_PIPTAZO_URINEOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article c7d3ec44-703e-46c0-b13c-5c4b4ddc9929): pip-tazo FDA label renal dosing (standard 3.375 g q6h: CrCl 20-40 2.25 g q6h, <20 2.25 g q8h; nosocomial pneumonia 4.5 g q6h: 20-40 3.375 g q6h, <20 2.25 g q6h); vancomycin and daptomycin are renally excreted largely unchanged with high urinary concentrations (used for enterococcal cUTI)
31. OE_PROSTATE_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 89786a99-370a-4501-9a63-b899bad34bd3): prostatic penetration — FQ best, TMP-SMX alternative 4-6 wk, nitrofurantoin inadequate, beta-lactams poor in chronic prostatitis (primaries: Lipsky CID 2010 PMID 20459324; IDSA cUTI 2025 doi:10.1093/cid/ciaf461; Chou Drugs 2022; Lam AFP 2024)
32. OE_TOX_RANKOpenEvidence answers 2026-10-10: (a) article 5ad8e8ea-ba15-4db1-9e10-c74316e09317 (REVIEW_MEDICAL_r3 C1): AKI with pip-tazo monotherapy ~12%, vancomycin monotherapy ~8%, colistin 20-60% (meta-analysis ~32%; Chien 2020 IJAA), aminoglycosides classic nephrotoxins; the pip-tazo AKI signal comes mainly from combination with vancomycin (Luther 2018 CCM; Pan 2025 JAC NMA). (b) article 9d626149-cfeb-4cee-8a7e-1f456733dcbe: polymyxin neurotoxicity ~7% (paresthesia, dizziness; neuromuscular blockade rarer, renal failure); colistimethate 1.4-2% in recent cohorts vs polymyxin B 18-26% (Aysert-Yildiz 2024 BMC Infect Dis; Aitken 2026 Pharmacotherapy); vancomycin ototoxicity uncommon and causation uncertain, mostly with other ototoxic drugs, audiometric change 8-12% with >=14-27 d courses, routine audiograms not recommended (2020 vancomycin consensus framework); ertapenem FAERS signals for confusion, seizure, hallucination, encephalopathy, stronger at >=65 y, renal clearance ~80% (Tang 2025 Sci Rep 15:17301); ampicillin / aminopenicillin nephrotoxicity is essentially idiosyncratic acute interstitial nephritis, no dose-dependent tubular toxicity (Garnier 2023 Drug Saf 46:715)
33. OE_TW_CAP_ETIOLOGYOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 3663b305-a897-44ef-aaea-124a18d0fc3d): Taiwan adult CAP etiology (Lauderdale 2001-2002: S. pneumoniae 23.8%, Mycoplasma 14.3%, C. pneumoniae 7.1%, K. pneumoniae 4.8%; ANSORP 2008 Asia: Legionella 1.1%); no Taiwan adult Mycoplasma macrolide-resistance figure found
34. OE_TW_CRKP_CZAOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article 5dac8457-b38b-4581-82b3-150cfd0dfc65): Taiwan CRKP ~2/3 non-carbapenemase (2012-2015); MBL ~14% of carbapenemase producers; CZA susceptibility ~85% overall, ~7% in MBL strains
35. OE_TW_ECOLI_UTIOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article f237d9ab-f05c-4d2e-9b2a-e810c09a353b): Taiwan community E. coli TMP-SMX and FQ non-susceptibility exceed the IDSA 20% empiric threshold; nitrofurantoin ~8% (primary source TSAR_ECOLI_2015; the cited 'single-center Taiwan' TMP-SMX/levofloxacin figures are from a non-Taiwan cohort and were NOT used)
36. OE_TW_RESOpenEvidence answer 2026-10-09 (article f50d4ffa-b8fe-4563-bc86-d57da73820a8): Taiwan P. aeruginosa / pneumococcus / community MRSA rates (secondary summary; community-onset adult SSTI MRSA rate not available)
37. OE_VANCO_LOAD_IR_2026_10_10OpenEvidence answer 2026-10-10 (article 00aa96eb-fe54-4aff-aec2-5e64b2b8c718): vancomycin loading 20-35 mg/kg not reduced for renal impairment, maintenance by AUC TDM; 25-35 mg/kg loads over 2-3 h; infuse >=60 min (<=10 mg/min); infusion reaction not IgE-mediated, not a contraindication; primaries Rybak 2020 AJHP (PMID 32191793), FDA label (DailyMed 60bee69b-be70-412c-9e83-a24a0a8a5e7b), Zhu 2022 Clin Rev Allergy Immunol (PMID 35092578); loading/infusion content cross-checked against Rybak 2020 full text 2026-10-11 (Table 2 #12, #14-16; p.844); IgE statement not in Rybak
38. RAFF_CELLULITIS_2016Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: a review. JAMA 2016;316:325-37. PMID 27434444 (quoted via OE; full text not read)
39. SINGER_ABSCESS_2014Singer AJ, Talan DA. Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1039-47. PMID 24620867 (quoted via OE; full text not read)

待核對（7 筆）

書目資訊尚未逐項重新核對，使用時請自行查證原文。

1. ACOG_717_2017ACOG Committee Opinion No. 717 (2017), Sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and risk of birth defects: in the first trimester, sulfonamides and nitrofurantoin are reasonable when no suitable alternative exists; second and third trimester use remains appropriate (near-term avoidance by convention for hemolysis / kernicterus risk)
2. BEERS_20192019 AGS Beers Criteria. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019;67:674-694
3. CLSI_M100_REPORTCLSI M100 reporting conventions (recall): TMP-SMX has no intermediate category for Enterobacterales / Acinetobacter (S or R only); Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella and C. difficile are not tested by routine clinical AST; MERINO (Harris JAMA 2018;320:984) enrolled ceftriaxone-non-susceptible E. coli / K. pneumoniae that tested pip-tazo susceptible
4. FDA_FQUS FDA Drug Safety Communications on fluoroquinolone disabling adverse effects (2016; https://www.fda.gov/media/119537/download) and aortic aneurysm (2018)
5. FDA_TIGEUS FDA Drug Safety Communication: tigecycline boxed warning for all-cause mortality (2010, 2013)
6. IDSA_UTI_2010Gupta K et al. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:e103-e120（IDSA/ESCMID uncomplicated cystitis & pyelonephritis）
7. VANDEBEEK_2012van de Beek D, Brouwer MC, Thwaites GE, Tunkel AR. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet 2012;380(9854):1693-1702. PMID 23141618. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61186-6 (PubMed abstract checked 2026-10-10; full text not retrieved: the renal-dosing paragraph quoted by OE 4315b31e - initial dose not altered by renal function, subsequent doses or dosing interval altered - is NOT verified verbatim). Companion review: van de Beek D et al. Lancet 2021;398:1171-1183, PMID 34303412

已被新版取代（僅保留紀錄）（5 筆）

遊戲內容已改引新版，這裡保留舊版書目以便追溯。

1. AHA_IE_2015Baddour LM et al. Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications. AHA Scientific Statement. Circulation 2015;132:1435-1486. PMID 26373316. Superseded by AHA_IE_2026; kept as history only, new content cites AHA_IE_2026 (mechanism wording now cites MILLER_ENTERO_2014).
2. IDSA_CDI_2010Cohen SH et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by SHEA and IDSA. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31(5):431-455. PMID 20307191. Superseded by IDSA_CDI_2017; not cited.
3. IMAZIO_ESC_IE_2024Imazio M. J Cardiovasc Med 2024;25:718-726. PMID 38916201 (PMC11365601 'Antibiotic therapy' section read 2026-10-11; secondary summary of 2023 ESC IE guideline - guideline full text now read directly, cite ESC_IE_2023 instead)
4. KENEALY_2013Kenealy T, Arroll B. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(6):CD000247. PMID 23733381. Superseded by KENEALY_2025; not cited.
5. SSC_2021Evans L et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. Crit Care Med 2021;49(11):e1063-e1143. PMID 34605781. Superseded by SSC_2026; kept as history only, new content cites SSC_2026.